Characteristic herbs are halberd-leaf tearthumb ( Persicaria arifolia), groundnut ( Apios americana), rice cutgrass ( Leersia oryzoides), arrow-arum ( Peltandra virginica), false nettle ( Boehmeria cylindrica), water-hemlock ( Cicuta maculata var. Herb layers are rich with a wide variety of wetland ferns, graminoids, and forbs. radicans), Virginia-creeper ( Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and greenbriers ( Smilax spp.) are also common. Climbing vines such as poison ivy ( Toxicodendron radicans var. virginiana), swamp rose ( Rosa palustris), silky dogwood ( Cornus amomum) stiff dogwood ( Cornus foemina), and Virginia-willow ( Itea virginica). pubescens), sweetbay magnolia ( Magnolia virginiana var. opaca), fetterbush ( Eubotrys racemosus), spicebush ( Lindera benzoin var. ( Ilex verticillata), smooth alder ( Alnus serrulata), southern wild raisin ( Viburnum nudum), arrow-wood ( Viburnum dentatum), wax myrtle ( Morella cerifera), American holly ( Ilex opaca var. Shrub layers are mixed and extraordinarily diverse. From the Potomac River north, green ash becomes increasingly important and largely replaces pumpkin ash as an overstory dominant in northern Virginia. Pumpkin ash ( Fraxinus profunda) and swamp tupelo ( Nyssa biflora) are the most abundant overstory species, with occasional associates of red maple ( Acer rubrum), green ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica), sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua), swamp chestnut oak ( Quercus michauxii), common persimmon ( Diospyros virginiana), and black gum ( Nyssa sylvatica). Communities in this group are structurally complex, with semi-open overstories and diverse multiple lower strata. Its habitats are influenced by lunar tides up to 1 m (3 ft), but diluting freshwater flows from upstream keep salinity levels below 0.5 ppt. Tidal hardwood swamps occur along all of the major eastern Virginia rivers from the James River northward, but are most extensively developed along the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers, where regular tidal inundation is unimpeded by levees or channel alteration. Development and persistence of forest vegetation in estuarine systems appear to be limited downstream by salinity and upstream by sufficient availability of sediment. This group includes all forests and woodlands that occur in areas subject to tidal flooding along the upper tidal reaches of inner Coastal Plain rivers and their tributaries, as well as in the upper reaches of wind-tidal estuaries in southeastern Virginia. Your browser does not support JavaScript! Summary of Procedures for Collection & Analysis of Vegetation Data.Tidal Mesohaline and Polyhaline Aquatic Beds.Tidal Freshwater and Oligohaline Aquatic Beds.Tidal Mesohaline and Polyhaline Marshes.Saturated Peatlands of the Coastal Plain.Coastal Plain / Piedmont Seepage Swamps.Coastal Plain Depression Swamps and Ponds.Non-Alluvial Wetlands of the Coastal Plain & Piedmont.Piedmont / Mountain Small-Stream Alluvial Forests.Piedmont / Mountain Floodplain Forests and Swamps.Coastal Plain / Piedmont Bottomland Forests.Sandy Woodlands of the Coastal Plain and Outer Piedmont.
Lichen / Bryophyte Nonvascular Cliffs and Boulderfields.Piedmont Oak - Hickory Woodlands, Savannas, and Grasslands.Limestone / Dolostone Woodlands and Barrens.Low-Elevation Woodlands, Barrens, and Rock Outcrops.Coastal Plain / Piedmont Oak - Beech / Heath Forests.Montane Mixed Oak and Oak - Hickory Forests.Montane Dry and Dry-Mesic Calcareous Forests.Low-Elevation Dry and Dry-Mesic Forests.High-Elevation Boulderfield Forests and Woodlands.Southern Appalachian Shrub and Grass Balds.High-Elevation Forests, Grasslands, and Rock Outcrops.Overview of VA Physiography & Vegetation.Structure of the Virginia Natural Community Classification.Home » Natural Heritage » Natural Communities » Tidal Swamp Forests and Woodlands The Natural Communities of VirginiaĬlassification of Ecological Groups and Community Types Third Approximation (Version 3.3) Information current as of March 2021Ĭlassification of Ecological Groups and Community Types
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